Dental prosthesis and method of its production utilizing standardized framework keys and matching premanufactured teeth

ABSTRACT

A system including a method and associated structures creates efficiencies in the manufacture of prosthetic tooth support frameworks. Pre-manufactured teeth with matching internal keys are used in the setup of a patient prototype. Each key includes a shaft, a cervical platform, a retention knob and preferably at least one channel for the expulsion of excess adhesive fluid. The cervical platforms are shaped to provide intimate contact with a base of their respective tooth. The same tooth/key pairs are then used to make a framework pattern from the setup positioning. The pattern can be cast or scanned for direct machining to produce the finished framework.

RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation of co-pending application Ser.No. 15/191,868 entitled “DENTAL PROSTHESIS AND METHOD OF ITS PRODUCTIONUTILIZING STANDARDIZED FRAMEWORK KEYS AND MATCHING PREMANUFACTUREDTEETH” filed Jun. 24, 2016 and a continuation of co-pending patent Ser.No. 14/495,036 filed Sep. 24, 2014, entitled “DENTAL PROSTHESIS ANDMETHOD OF ITS PRODUCTION UTILIZING STANDARDIZED FRAMEWORK KEYS ANDMATCHING PREMANUFACTURED TEETH”, which is a divisional of patentapplication Ser. No. 13/343,566, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,875,398, entitled“Dental Prosthesis and Method of its Production Utilizing StandardizedFramework Keys and Matching Premanufactured Teeth” filed Jan. 4, 2012,priority from which is hereby claimed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to frameworks for dental implant-supportedprostheses produced either by conventional dental laboratory proceduresincluding CAD/CAM or by virtual technology. More specifically, itrelates to a framework using a uniquely designed set of prosthetic teethand internal abutments specific to the individual tooth position.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A framework for a dental prosthesis as shown in FIG. 4 is a unifiedmetal or ceramic base structure consisting of a horizontal beam on whichvertical posts, specific to the teeth they support are rigidlyconnected. This framework can be supported by dental implants placed inthe jawbone. Such a framework is securely fixed to the jaw by screwingor cementing it onto the implants. The framework supports thespecifically designed replacement teeth which are fused to the posts ofthe framework with a luting cement. The prosthesis containing thisframework is patient-specific and must meet the strict requirements ofaccuracy to reach an optimal fit at the prosthesis/implant interface todistribute chewing and grinding forces appropriately to the underlyingjawbone and avoiding high stresses to the underlying bone which couldcause implants to deintegrate from the bone. The fit of the framework tothe supporting implants should be 50 microns or less. Because theframework is capable of replacing all the teeth in a dental arch, andbecause the framework connects the occlusal surfaces of the replacementteeth to the osseointegrated dental implants, the dimensions of theframework are generally larger in comparison to traditional dentalprostheses like crowns and tooth-supported bridges. The framework isdesigned to support not only replacement teeth but also the bone and gumtissue that previously immediately surrounded the missing teeth.

The traditional or conventional dental laboratory method for creatingthese frameworks is based on the manual design of a physical model ofthe framework in wax or resin and the production of the framework bymeans of lost wax casting or copy milling. These previous methods offramework production can be highly precise however they require veryskilled dental laboratory technicians doing time-consuming modeling ofthe frame, a process that is inefficient and costly. The traditionallost wax process is very lengthy and highly labor intensive, consistingof many manual steps that include the design, manual contour andfabrication of the wax pattern, investing the pattern in a refractorymold, melting and evaporating the wax pattern in a high temperature burnout oven over many hours, melting the metal and casting it into thepattern mold, devesting the solidified metal framework and refining thesurface of the framework to permit the next phase to begin. A currentalternative to the lost wax casting method of framework construction isthe use of CAD/CAM technology to scan the wax or resin pattern frame androbotic ally mill a precise copy of the pattern. Framework production byvirtual technology is available but its ability to create tooth supportmechanisms is limited.

Following completion of the metal or ceramic framework, impressions ofthat framework are made and stone casts are produced to replicate themetal framework. These casts are then cut into sections providingindividual stone dies being replicas of the vertical tooth supportportion of the framework pattern, upon which individual teeth aremanually created from wax relying on the artistic skill of the dentaltechnician. These individual teeth may then be either scanned or copymilled in a tooth colored material. These steps of custom fabrication ofthe individual prosthetic teeth are eliminated by the present inventionthus avoiding time-consuming and highly skilled labor required of thedental technicians and ceramists. Furthermore, later if a tooth needs tobe replaced because it has become worn or chipped, the above-describedprocess must be repeated to provide a replacement for that tooth. Thereis therefore a need in the dental arts for a method of prosthesisproduction which is less time-consuming and labor-intensive and whichrequires less skill. Further, there is a need for such a system whichcan also provide the highest quality result for the patient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to meet the needs in the art described above, the presentinvention has been devised which for the first time provides a rapid andprecisely accurate method of prosthesis production that is highlyrepeatable, requiring limited technical ability by dental technicians.

This is achieved by a simplified system for the production of the finalimplant-supported prosthesis by using the identical tooth set that wasused at or shortly after the surgical placement of the implants for theprovisional temporary prosthesis. By using the identical tooth set ofthe final prosthesis, the provisional prosthesis becomes the prototypefor the position of the teeth in the final prosthesis. This position canbe recorded manually with a variety of indices or virtually by scanningthe provisional teeth. In an optional more advanced adaptation of theinvention, individual tooth data files can be incorporated into softwaresystems to accelerate the process by virtual construction of theframework followed by CNC copy milling. It also provides “off the shelf’future replacement teeth that will fit the vertical framework supportsprecisely should tooth wear or fracture occur with patient naturalfunction.

As further described in greater detail herein, the present inventionprovides premanufactured prosthetic teeth available in resin, ceramic,or wax, with highly specific and precise matching internal struts(hereinafter “keys”) that are use to support the teeth when affixed tothe horizontal beam of the unified framework. Once the tooth arrangementselected from a library of individual teeth has been determined to bepositioned appropriately for individual patient function and appearance,this setup position of the teeth is recorded either physically ordigitally. Based on the position of the teeth with the vertical keysstill occupying each individual tooth (hereafter “keyed teeth”), thekeyed teeth pairs are easily and quickly connected to the horizontalbeam during its formation with a wax or resin or connected virtually ina computer design system containing the specific files for the toothmatching vertical keys.

Once the properly positioned keyed teeth have the keys attached to thehorizontal beam, the teeth are removed from the keys revealing thecompleted pattern. This pattern, either wax or resin, can then beinvested and cast using traditional dental laboratory methods, or it canbe scanned and the file transmitted to a CNC milling machine for theproduction of the metal or ceramic framework. Whether cast or milled,the present framework is composed of a very rigid and highly precisemetal or ceramic that is biocompatible and capable of resisting complexheavy loading forces applied to the specific individual teeth, providinglong term functionality required by implant-supported prostheses.

When the framework is completed, the previous set of keyway teeth can beinstalled onto the framework and fused to the frame with a lutingcement. The prosthesis is then completed with the application of pinkgingival resin or composite material. Replacement of teeth on theframework will be precise and accurate due to the high level of fit ofthe individual teeth to the vertical keys.

In general terms the invention may be described as a method forproducing a prosthetic tooth support framework including a horizontalbeam, vertical support struts and implant prosthetic connectorscomprising the steps of:

constructing a working model of at least a portion of a human dentalarch;

arranging pre-manufactured teeth on said model to create a prototypesetup representing a finished prosthesis, said teeth each including anaxial internal keyway for receiving a key;

inserting a plurality of keys into a closely fitting keyway of the teethforming keyed tooth

pairs, an attachment portion of each key extending from a base of eachtooth;

-   -   holding said keyed tooth pairs in a setup location adjacent a        dental arch defined by said

model, said model including implant prosthetic connectors;

affixing said key attachment portions onto a horizontal beam and saidimplant prosthetic connectors while held in said setup location duringthe formation of a beam assembly;

removing the teeth from the beam assembly leaving a framework pattern;and

constructing a finished prosthetic tooth framework using said beamassembly as a pattern, the pattern keys each matching the configurationand location of the permanent teeth support struts of said finishedframework.

The present invention may comprise a free-standing one-piece keyutilized in forming a pattern for a prosthetic framework strut that maybe affixed upon one or more implants or implant abutments within aprosthetic tooth, the key comprising a shaft having a coronal aspect ata coronal end of the shaft, a retention knob at an opposite end of thecoronal end, the retention knob having a width greater than that of theshaft and the shaft at the coronal end being configured to fit within asocket of a tooth comprising an axial internal keyway, a cervicalplatform between the retention knob and the coronal end, and comprisinga supporting base of the key, the cervical platform further havingcircumference configured to support a cervical aspect of the tooth. Thekey may include an elongate channel extending along a surface of theshaft to cervical platform for the expulsion of excess adhesive fluid,wherein said channel may be an axial groove that forms a release openingat a margin between the tooth and the cervical platform, forming arelease opening at a margin between the tooth and the cervical platform.The shaft may inwardly tapered from said platform toward the coronalaspect of the key. The retention knob of the key may be a spheroid orother shapes that are greater than diameter or width of the shaft. Theshaft may resemble a triangular prism.

The present invention may further comprise a vertical strut component tobe disposed between a prosthetic framework model and a socket of aprosthetic tooth socket, the strut comprising an elongate shaft having acoronal aspect at a first end of the shaft, a retentive element at asecond end of the shaft, the retention element having a width greaterthan that of the shaft so that it may be mechanically fitted within aprosthetic frame work model, and the coronal aspect being configured tofit within a socket of a tooth comprising an axial internal keyway, acervical platform between the first and second end having a widthgreater than the shaft and being configured to support a cervical aspectof the prosthetic tooth, an elongate channel extending along a surfaceof the shaft to cervical platform for the expulsion of excess adhesivefluid, wherein said channel is an axial groove that forms a releaseopening at a margin between the tooth and the cervical platform. Theshaft may comprise a second elongate channel on an opposite side of theshaft, so that a cross-section of the shaft having an elongate channeland a second elongate channel generally resembles the letter

This prosthesis construction has many advantages over traditional dentallaboratory methods for framework production. These advantages includebut are not limited to the following: 1) significant reduction in thetime for the labor intense design, 2) fabrication of the frameworkpattern is simplified by the use of the keys due to the use ofstandardized key way teeth, 3) technician skill required is reduced dueto the simplified pattern fabrication, and 4) maintenance of theimplant-supported prosthesis is easier because the replacement teeth arecataloged and the replacement teeth can still be modified or customizedto meet specific patient requirements.

Accordingly, it is the main object of the present invention to provide aprocedure and method for the production of a high-strength biocompatibledental implant-supported framework with individually specific verticalkeys to support sets of individual prosthetic teeth in a timesaving andlabor-saving system.

It is a further objective to produce these frameworks manually withtraditional dental laboratory (lost wax), copy milled or constructedvirtually so that the resultant framework will have a precision fit tothe implants of less than 50 microns.

It is another object of the present invention is to offer a diversifiedsystem that consists of prosthetic teeth in various shapes, sizes andcolors that can be used with a manually built framework pattern.

Another object of the present invention is to provide animplant-supported prosthesis that permits the cementation of selectedprefabricated teeth onto a framework, thereby eliminating the customfabrication of individual teeth by dental technicians.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method ofeasy tooth replacement in the future for patients who have worn orchipped a tooth or a portion of the prosthesis through natural functionor accidental trauma.

In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of theinvention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is notlimited in its application to the details of construction and to thearrangements of the components set forth in the following description orillustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of otherembodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways.Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminologyemployed herein are for the purpose of description and should not beregarded as limiting.

As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception,upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basisfor the designing of other structures, methods, and systems for carryingout the several purposes of the present invention. It is important,therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalentconstructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope ofthe present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a is a diagram showing the process of utilizing the invention.

FIG. 1b is a diagram showing the process of utilizing the invention.

FIG. 2 is a top rear isometric view of a patient model.

FIG. 3 is a left side elevation view of a prototype setup built on themodel.

FIG. 4 is a top front isometric view of a typical dental prostheticframework.

FIG. 5 is a front isometric view showing a full set of keys and keywayteeth.

FIGS. 6a and 6b are elevation views showing the assembly of a keyedtooth pair.

FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c are isometric views showing detail of the keys.

FIG. 8 is a rear view showing a matrix impression taken from the modeland setup.

FIG. 9 is a rear view showing keyed teeth held in the matrix.

FIG. 10a is a left side top rear isometric view showing the keyed teethmolded into the horizontal beam supported by the matrix.

FIG. 10b is a top rear isometric view of the horizontal beam, keywayteeth and keys on the module with the matrix removed.

FIGS. 11a, 11b, 11c and 11d are isometric views showing the use of keyprotector caps in completing the horizontal beam portion of theframework pattern.

FIG. 12a depicts a completed framework pattern.

FIG. 12b shows the final casting resulting from the pattern of FIG. 12a.

FIG. 13 is an isometric assembly view of the teeth being assembled tothe completed framework.

FIG. 14 is an exploded view from the anterior side of inventive key usedin the framework system,

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of the keyway system from 14, with anisolated view of the key being mounted with a prosthetic tooth,

FIGS. 16-18 illustrates an embodiment of invention depicting side, topand perspective views of an inventive key.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

A step-by-step process showing the methodology and use of the novelstructures comprising the invention is depicted in FIG. 1. Referring nowto FIG. 2, the process begins as in current practice with the patientfirst receiving osseointegrated implants. From an impression of theimplants including connectors, a working cast or model 10 is produced.As depicted in FIG. 3, a setup using keyway teeth 17 built on thecompleted working model 10 can be kept in the mouth of the patient forpossible adjustments. This completes a prototype of the finishedprosthesis. This is similar to current practice but with the use ofnovel keys and keyway teeth to form the setup, which keys and keywayteeth then are used to construct the vertical struts of the framework inthe next steps of the invention. These further steps comprise designinga tooth-supporting framework which includes vertical keys positioned tohold their respective keyway teeth prescribed by the setup.

Referring now to FIG. 4, one goal of the invention is to produce aframework of this type. The basic elements of the inventive frameworkare the keys 11, a supporting horizontal beam 13 and implant connectors,in this example, cylinders 15 on the opposite side of the beam. Thehorizontal beam 13 is an intermediate connecting structure in theframework pattern or final frame, either metal or ceramic, parallel tothe bite plane that unites the vertical keys supporting the teeth on oneside and the implant prosthetic cylinders that connect underlying dentalimplants on the other side. The construction of the implant side of thehorizontal beam follows current practice and therefore need not bediscussed in detail. As further described herein, the main features ofthe invention are the keyway teeth and keys and the method by which theyare employed to create the teeth-supporting abutments of a finishedframework.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the keyway teeth 17 of the invention are fullanatomic prosthetic teeth made of a variety of materials such as acrylicresin, composite, ceramic or wax. They are specifically designed forimplant-supported prosthesis and are catalogued in a similar way thatdenture teeth are used in current fixed and removable prosthetics.Keyway teeth are so named because they have specific vertical keyways orsockets 18 inside the teeth which intimately receive specially designedpattern keys 19 as further described below and as shown in FIGS. 6a and6b and FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7 c.

The keyway teeth are preferably coated with an opaque layer for colorcontrol and are cataloged in various shapes and sizes available innumerous shades (colors) just as any traditional denture tooth line.Each different tooth geometry is provided in the above materials.

The position of the prosthetic screw access channel may dictate theselection of the material used for a given keyway tooth position. By wayof example, if the prosthetic screw access channel is directly throughthe occlusal table of the molar, it may be advantageous to use the waxversion of that keyway tooth. The wax keyway tooth can be modified witha hole to provide direct access to the prosthetic retention screw. Aftermodification, the wax version of the keyway tooth can be invested andfinalized with a pressed ceramic. In another example, if the prostheticscrew access channel impinges on the cervical margin of the keywaytooth, it may be advantageous to use the green state tooth withappropriate marginal adaptation to accommodate the screwdriver access tothe retention screw. Following adaptation would be the crystallizationof the green state to a solid ceramic keyway tooth. The keyway teethalso have a cervical groove 50 to aid in retention as a mechanicalinterlock with the gingival veneering material once the tooth is lutedto the framework in a final step in the process shown in FIG. 13.

As shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b and with further detail in FIGS. 7a, 7b and7c , the pattern keys 19 are vertical struts of various configurationsthat each fit precisely within the socket of a designated keyway tooth17. The pattern keys are one of the most important aspects of thepresent invention. They comprise the following structural features: aretention knob 21 at a base end, a cervical platform 23 adjacent theretentive knob and an elongate tapered shaft 25 extending axially fromthe platform terminating at an opposite end 27 forming the coronalaspect of the key. The shaft is tapered from the cervical platform tothe coronal aspect for optimal cement retention of the keyway tooth. Asshown in FIG. 7c , the shaft preferably includes at least one cementrelease channel 33 which are formed by one or more axial grooves whichlie along opposing surfaces of the shaft. Two channels are depicted inthis embodiment (31, 33). This embodiment depicts an “H” cross sectionconfiguration of the shaft, however it should be understood that variousshapes may be employed so long as there are no sharp edges along thesurface of the key. The cement release channels run from the coronalaspect of the key to the edge of the cervical platform. The purpose ofthe channel(s) is to relieve hydraulic back pressure and permit theexpulsion of flowable cement or other luting agents when the keywaytooth is fastened to the final unifying framework. The cervical platform23 is the supporting base of the key that supports the cervical aspectof each keyway tooth. Incorporated into the lingual aspect of theplatform is a portion of the cement release channel 33. The platformsshown are concave but may be any shape so long as it provides anintimately mating surface with the base of the tooth. The retentive knobprovides a structural linkage to the horizontal beam by molding into thebeam material as it is being formed. The keys are anti-rotational insidethe keyway teeth so that only one position of fit exists. The keys arepreferably made of a moldable and adjustable material that is chemicallycompatible with traditional resins and composites when they areconnected to adjacent keys and the implant prosthetic cylinders to buildthe horizontal beam. The junction of all geometric planes of the keysshould be round, avoiding any sharp angles.

One of the main advantages of the present invention is that it canutilize more commonplace dental laboratory skills and equipment oralternatively can be utilized with technologically advanced opticalscanning. This makes the invention available to the greatest number ofusers. This more commonplace practice will now be discussed.

Once the tooth setup position has been determined, that position isrecorded manually with laboratory indices or virtually in computerprogramming to dictate the position of the individual teeth and keys asdepicted in the layout shown in FIG. 3. An impression is then taken ofthe setup to create a facial matrix 41 positioned on the model 10 asshown in FIG. 8.

The matrix has pockets 43 that can hold each of their respective teethin its proper position while leaving the bottom portions of the teethexposed as shown in FIG. 9. During this step in the process, the keys 19remain in the sockets of their respective teeth 17. The retentive knobattachment portion of the keys extends from the base of each tooth andwith the platform portion of the key in intimate contact with the baseof the tooth. The matrix-supported keyed teeth are then held injuxtaposition with the implant connectors of the patient modeling.

Referring now to FIG. 10a , the retentive knobs of the keys are thenjoined to the implant prosthetic cylinders and to one another during theformation of the intermediate horizontal beam and supported in the setuplocation by the matrix 41 on the model. After the resin is set, thematrix is removed as shown in FIG. 10b . Half of the teeth in thisillustration are removed to reveal the pattern keys.

Referring now to FIG. 11, the process continues with more modifiableresin material added to complete the horizontal beam portion of theframework using protective caps 35 as shown in FIGS. 11a, 11b, 11c and11d . The protective caps 35 are installed on the keys 11 prior to theaddition of the additional material 37 used to reinforce and contour thehorizontal beam. The purpose of the protective caps is to preventcontamination of the keys by excess resin which could distort thepattern and prevent complete seating of the tooth on the finalframework.

The horizontal beam assembly 13 is then removed from the model and theteeth removed from the keys. The remaining structure is refinedproviding the pattern depicted in FIG. 12a for constructing the finalframework shown in FIG. 12b which can be constructed from the patternusing a variety of methods, such as:

a) Traditional lost wax technique where the framework pattern isinvested, burned out and metal is cast into the mold, or

b) Copy milling using scanning technology where the framework pattern isscanned and data files are developed and transmitted to robotic millingmachines for the milling of the final framework from a variety of solidmaterials (metal or ceramic by example).

As an option, the above-described procedure following the finished setupcan be replaced by more advanced technology which permits the virtualconstruction of the framework from an optical scanning of the finishedsetup. In concert with the use of computer software which includes thethree-dimensional characteristics of virtual keys that correspond to theindividual scanned teeth in the setup, the location and orientation ofthe keys is then combined with a framework pattern that creates a filewhich is then copy milled by a CNC milling machine to create the finalframework.

When prosthetic retention screws have their access channel comingthrough any portion of the keyway tooth, that tooth (either in wax orgreen state) will be manually or virtually modified to permitscrewdriver access to the head of the screw. Acrylic, wax and greenstate keyway teeth may be modified or customized to accommodate theopposing occlusion, or individual cosmetic patient requirements.

With the final framework 52 completed, the selected teeth are cementedto the metal or ceramic framework as shown in FIG. 13 and the gingivalveneering material is then applied to complete the prosthesisconstruction. A cervical groove 50 in the keyway tooth will be coveredwith the gingival veneering material, providing additional stability andretention of the tooth to the final framework.

Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of theprinciples of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications andchanges will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is notdesired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operationshown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications andequivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of theinvention. For example, this invention can be applied to totally orpartially edentulous patients being restored with osseointegrated dentalimplants.

What is claimed as being new and desired to be protected by LettersPatent of the United States is as follows:
 1. A free-standing one-piecekey utilized in forming a pattern for a prosthetic framework strut thatmay be affixed upon one or more implants or implant abutments within aprosthetic tooth, the key comprising: a shaft having a coronal aspect ata coronal end of the shaft for placing the prosthetic tooth; a retentionknob at an opposite end of the coronal end, the retention knob having aspheroid shape and a diameter greater than that of the shaft; and acervical platform between the retention knob and the coronal end, andcomprising a supporting base of the key.
 2. The key of claim 1 whereinsaid key includes an elongate channel extending along a surface of theshaft to the cervical platform for the expulsion of excess adhesivefluid.
 3. The key of claim 2 wherein said channel is an axial groovethat forms a release opening at a margin between the tooth and thecervical.
 4. The key of claim 3 wherein said shaft is tapered from saidplatform toward the coronal aspect of the key.
 5. The key of claim 2,the channel forming a release opening at a margin between the tooth andthe cervical platform.
 6. The key of claim 1 wherein the spheroid isasymmetrical.
 7. The key of claim 1, the shaft resembling a triangularprism.
 8. The key of claim 1, wherein the shaft at the coronal end isconfigured to fit within an axial internal keyway of a socket of atooth.
 9. The key of claim 1 wherein the spheroid is irregular.
 10. Avertical strut component to be disposed between a prosthetic frameworkmodel and a socket of a prosthetic tooth, the strut comprising: anelongate shaft having a coronal aspect at a first end of the shaft forplacing the prosthetic tooth; a retentive element having a spheroidshape at a second end of the shaft, wherein the retentive element havinga diameter greater than that of the shaft; and the coronal aspect beingconfigured to lock within an axial internal keyway of a socket of thetooth, a cervical platform between the first and second end beingconfigured to support a cervical aspect of the prosthetic tooth; and anelongate channel extending along a surface of the shaft to the cervicalplatform for an expulsion of excess adhesive fluid, wherein said channelis an axial groove that forms a release opening at a margin between thetooth and the cervical platform.
 11. The vertical strut component inclaim 10, wherein the spheroid is asymmetrical.
 12. The key of claim 10wherein the spheroid is asymmetrical.
 13. They key of claim 8, whereinthe shaft tapers between the cervical platform and the coronal aspect.14. The key of claim 13, wherein the shaft resembles a triangular prism.15. The key of claim 10, wherein the spheroid is irregular.